Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry Guided Reading Answers

Whether y'all are studying communication, folklore, literature, history, psychology, music, biology, or any other major, that bookish field relies on standardized practices to produce scholarly knowledge.Scholarship can be in the form of highly controlled laboratory inquiry, ascertainment of human being activities in daily life, surveys, interviews, disquisitional analyses of public documents or visual images, and artistic piece of work similar music, videography, performance, or playwriting. Each field of scholarship is based on thousands, if non millions, of inquiry studies or creative projects conducted by students and faculty. Sociologists know what they know virtually societies because of inquiry. Biologists know what they know about the biological function of organisms because of enquiry. Artists know what they know near drawing human being forms because of previous artists' work. Communication Studies scholars know what they know nearly how people construct pregnant through interactions considering of inquiry and creative projects. The overall purpose of this book is to help you understandhow noesis is constructed in Communication Studies. We hope to provide an appreciation of, and disquisitional lens for examining, research and enable you to brainstorm constructing your own contributions to the body of scholarly knowledge.

In this chapter, nosotros first describe how developing a command of research methods can assistance you in your careers and personal lives. 2nd, we provide a brief definition of our topic of study in this volume – communication inquiry. Third we identify the predominant research and creative methods used in the field of Communication Studies. Fourth, we explain the academic roots of the various methods used in communication studies: the humanities and social sciences. Fifth, we explain the implicit and explicit relationships betwixt theory and research methods. Sixth, we draw how the selection of research methods influences the results of a study. Sixth, we provide a preview of the residual of the volume, and finally, seventh, we describe our approach to writing this book.

How Will Research Methods Help in My Life?

If you want to learn practical skills relevant to your professional, personal and community life, learn research methods. Given that daily life is total of conclusion-making opportunities and challenges, knowing how to effectively do research is essential. Ideally, any decision you make is based on research, and rigorous methods enable you to conduct better inquiry and brand better decisions. People who know how to ethically use enquiry methods rapidly go leaders in their workplaces and communities. Research also can inform creative expression. If yous understand why things work the mode they do, you can make more thoughtful, creative choices.

Activity

Consider how you brand choices in everyday life such equally the following:

• Which route to take to go to grade on time
• What to eat for lunch
• How to make a major purchasing decision

Or, how yous address more complex questions such as whether dishonesty is ever warranted, or if there is a God?

Begin all the ways in which you think you know something for one or more of the examples listed in a higher place.

If yous are like previous students in this course, yous may accept responded: "read," "observe," "intuit," "religion," "advice," "physical senses," "examination it out," "compare," "Google information technology" and more.

What does this activity reveal about how you come to know something?

We promise the activity above reveals yous already are a researcher, and utilise some informal inquiry methods every day of your life. You likely use more than than one way to know something. Multiple methods construct knowledge. And being educated includes questioning the results of each method. For example, if you useGoogle orWikipedia to observe information, how do y'all know the source is reliable? What clues should yous look for?

Research methods will aid you be a improve ....

• Disquisitional Consumer — You volition detect you lot look at the world of information through a more refined lens. You lot may ask questions about data y'all never thought to ask before, such as: "What evidence is this conclusion based on?" "Why did the researcher interview rather than survey a larger number of people?" and "Would the results take been unlike if the participants were more ethnically and racially diverse?
• Competent Contributor — When an organization yous belong to wants to accomplish a group'southward input on a program, product or service, yous will know how to construct, administrate and statistically clarify survey results. Or if the projection warrants minor focus grouping discussions for data gathering, you volition know how to facilitate them as well as how to identify themes from the discussions.
• Problem-Solver — Inquiry methods skills are nearly synonymous with problem- solving skills. You will acquire how to synthesize information, appraise a electric current state of knowledge, recall creatively, and brand a plan of action for original inquiry gathering and awarding.
• Strategic Planner – Knowing research methods can teach you how to gather the necessary data to forecast and plan tactically rather than simply react to situations, whether it is in your work place or personal life.
• Decision-Maker — Equally you cross through life transitions and major decisions stare you in the face up, such as how to keep a job, give the best care for crumbling parents, or select the least invasive medical treatment, you will have coping skills to aid you interruption down the decision into manageable parts and arroyo the decision making process from more one perspective.
• Informed Citizen — As a person educated in how knowledge is synthetic, you will accept the skills needed to exist vigilant for your community and to identify and address potential problems, be they ecology, political, social, educational, and/or nigh quality of community life.

For more specific ideas most how a command of research methods can augment your life options, see the examples of applied inquiry at Communication Currents: Knowledge for Communicating Well. It is a reader-friendly magazine where communication scholars talk over research nigh current social issues (The National Communication Clan - Communication Currents). Besides check out the National Communication Association website http://www.natcom.org/ for careers in communication.

The Topic of Study: Communication Research

You may accept noticed we, the authors, employ the singular grade of the term communication to refer to the bookish field of written report on a broad variety of message types, rather than the plural form: communications. The stardom is a quick manner to tell who understands communication is i specific field of study and who does non, so yous will want to use the proper, singular form when referring to the field of report. Communications – plural is used only when referring to multiple media sources, equally in "the communications news media" (Korn, Morreale, & Boileau, 2000).

The forms communication can take are nearly countless. They include, but are non limited to: language, nonverbal advice, one-on-one interpersonal communication, organizational communication, film, oral interpretations of prose or poetry, theatre, public speeches, public events, political campaigns, public relations campaigns, news media, Net, social media, photography, idiot box, social movements, performance in everyday life, journalistic writing, and more. Even so, the theme that runs through almost all Communication Studies research is that communication is more than than a ways to transmit information. Although information technology is used to transmit information and go things washed, more importantly, communication is the means through which people brand meaning and come to sympathize each other and the earth.

Considering of this, communication scholars tend to operate with the supposition that reality is a social structure, constructed through human beings' use of advice, both verbal and visual (Gergen, 1994). Thus, when advice scholars conduct enquiry, they enquire questions not only well-nigh how to make communication more than precise and/or constructive, but they also ask questions about how advice is being used in a particular context to shape individuals' and groups' world views.

Research, every bit a form of communication, contributes to the social construction of knowledge. Knowledge does not come out of a vacuum that is free of cultural values. Instead, inquiry results, or what society calls knowledge, is influenced by the values, beliefs, methods choices, and interpretations of those in a given culture doing the research. Noesis and one'due south reality are synthetic through an interactive, interpretive procedure. Although scholars from a more than traditional natural science view might fence in that location are absolute truths and fix realities, in the written report of human interaction, in that location are few universal truths about communication and what is seen as cognition changes beyond cultures and over time. Unique cultural contexts, social roles, and inequities create a wide spectrum of behaviors (Kim, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/weber/). That is what makes miscommunication common and why research in our field is so much in need. It is highly practical and relevant piece of work.

 Inquiry refers to the systematic written report of a topic and can include social science and creative work. Research, quite simply, refers to people's intellectual work of gathering, organizing, and analyzing data, which enables them to create pregnant they tin can then present to others. Inquiry is conducted to answer questions or solve problems in a systematic style. Beingsystematic means that the steps of the study are guided by principles and theory, rather than just chaotic wandering; the information used is representative and non just anecdotal or random. Beingness systematic in a way that tin can be replicated is commonly emphasized more than in natural and social science research, such every bit organizational and interpersonal advice research, than the humanities and fine arts, such as rhetorical studies and performance studies, merely, rhetoric scholars and artists also rely on methods and theoretical grooming to guide their work.

Advice Studies research has several unique characteristics:

• Communication research is the study of how people brand meaning. If one thinks of communication as the process of making significant, then the report of communication is the study of this meaning making procedure.
• Communication research is the written report of patterns (Keyton, 2011). Communication and meaning are made possible through the creation of patterns. For example, languages are rule-based and construct recognizable patterns (such equally sentences). Conversations have social norms of politeness to enable participants to build on each party's turns at talk; social media have unique patterns of interaction (such as the abbreviations used in text messaging on jail cell phones or the emoticons used in due east-mail and social networks); and persuasive messages are built on patterns of communication strategies (such every bit advertisements showing sequences of visual appeals for destitute children to solicit donations).
• Communication research is applied knowledge construction. The field of advice is highly applied. Scholars and practitioners attempt to do work that matters. Work that improves the quality of people's lives, that solves problems, and that is needed. Research in the field is pragmatic. Motion-picture show makers tell a story that they believe needs to be told, performance studies students create interactive scenarios to draw the audience into needed cultural discussion, and public relations practitioners deport marketplace analyses as a basis for planning a customer'south communication strategies.
• All research builds an argument. Whether it is a creative, rhetorical, qualitative or quantitative project, the author necessarily has a point to make. The introductory rationale for a project, the choices the researcher makes in methods selection, the interpretations offered, and the significance she or he claims for the results are all a function of building an argument. If all knowledge is socially constructed, then all research or scholarship is a persuasive process.

Whether one is doing Creative, qualitative, rhetorical or quantitative work, the methods share the above characteristics, every bit they are inherent in the very communication process being studied.

Research Methods

The termmethod refers to the processes that govern scholarly and creative work. Methods provide a framework for collecting, organizing, analyzing and presenting data. Scholars utilise a range of methods in Advice Studies: quantitative, qualitative, critical/rhetorical, and creative. This text focuses on the showtime iii, but the authors note connections to artistic piece of work when relevant.

Quantitative Studies reduce data into measurable numerical units (quantities). An case would be a survey administered to make up one's mind the number of times first-twelvemonth college students utilize social networking sites and for what purposes. Such a survey could provide general statistics on frequency and purpose of use. But, such a study also could be prepare up to determine if beginning and fourth yr college students use social networks differently, or if students with smart phones spend more time on Facebook than students who rely on computers to check Facebook.

Qualitative Studies utilize more natural observations and interviews as data. An example would be a study virtually a workplace organization'southward leadership and communication patterns. A researcher could interview all the members of the business, and then also notice the members in activity in their place of work. The researcher would then clarify the information to come across if themes sally, and if the interview and observational data results are like. The researcher might and so advise changes to the arrangement to enhance communication and operation for the organization.

Critical/Rhetorical Studies focus on texts every bit sources for data. The termtexts is used loosely hither to refer to any advice artifact --films, speeches, historical monuments, news stories, letters, tattoos, photos, etc. Here, the data collected is the text, and it is used by the researcher to support an argument about how the text participates in the construction of people's agreement of the earth. An example would be an analysis of a presidential inaugural address to understand how the oral communication writers and speaker are attempting to reunite the nation later a hotly contested ballot and invest the new president with the powers of the function.

Creative Scholarship in the field of Communication Studies refers most often to work washed in performance studies, moving-picture show making, and estimator digital imagery, such as Dreamweaver and Photoshop (e.g. Camp Multimedia Begins Two-Week Run).Performance Studies is a wide umbrella term used to refer to several methods and products of scholarship. It is singled-out from theater in that it is the written report of performances in everyday life. It involves students in script writing, interim, and directing productions based upon oral history and ethnographic qualitative inquiry, likewise as personal experience and artistic performance techniques used to tell a story more evocatively.Flick Making can also include interviews, oral histories, and ethnographies, as well as learning aesthetic methods to finer present verbal and visual images. Our colleague Karen Mitchell has used qualitative methods of interviewing and ethnography to script performances on topics from the lives of undocumented immigrants in the U.S. to romance novel readers (1996).

Advice Studies Bridges the Humanities and Social Sciences

How is information technology that Communication Studies as an bookish field came to embrace and so many different methods, given most other disciplines tend to use only one, or maybe 2? The respond lies in the history of the field.

Communication Studies is different from other academic fields considering it is rooted in one of the oldest areas of scholarship (rhetoric is one of the original iv liberal arts) and in several of the newest areas of scholarship (such as electronic media and intercultural communication). The study of rhetoric dates back to 350 B.C.East, the time of Aristotle and the formation of democratic governance in Greece. The report of intercultural communication dates back to the 1940s and emerged out of the commerce and political needs in the U.Due south. after World War Ii (Leeds-Hurwitz, 1990). The study of the Cyberspace took shape in the 1990s as it became a popular medium for communication (Campbell, Martin & Fabos, 2010). Because the subject field of Communication Studies includes inquiry on all forms of communication, the method of study needs to fit as the form of communication. Nevertheless, merely considering new forms emerge (like social media), old forms (like public speaking) do non disappear. Thus, as students, hereafter practitioners and scholars, nosotros need to employ a wide range of scholarly approaches. (for more about the history of the field see: Communication Scholarship and the Humanities) .

The diverse origins of Communication Studies hateful its scholars use a range of methods from the humanities (e.grand., rhetorical criticism and operation) and the social sciences (e.yard., quantitative and qualitative research). Both focus on the study of society, only the humanities embrace a more holistic arroyo to knowledge and inventiveness. Thehumanities are those fields of study that focus on analytic and interpretive studies of human stories, ideas and words (rather than numbers), and include philosophy, English, religion, modern and classical languages, and Advice Studies. When Communication Studies scholars clarify how chatty acts (like speeches or photographs or letters) create social meaning, they do so from a perspective that emphasizes interpretation.

The social sciences use inquiry methods borrowed from previously established and recognized fields of natural science study, such as biology and chemistry.Scientific methods of knowledge construction are accomplished through controlled observation and measurement or laboratory experiments, and generally employ statistics to form conclusions (Kim, 2007). Thesocial sciences apply scientific methods to written report human behavior, for example scholars utilize surveys to detect out virtually people's advice patterns or create laboratory experiments to observe suspension patterns in chat. In addition to Advice Studies, examples of other social science fields include economic science, geography, psychology, sociology, and political scientific discipline.

Studying human communication from the perspective of the social sciences differs in of import means from studying human advice from the perspective of the humanities. Social scientists typically are interested in studying shared everyday life experiences, such as turn-taking norms in conversation, how people build relationships through self-disclosure, and what behaviors contribute to a successful grouping, family or organizational culture. Social science researchers try to detect generalizations well-nigh human behaviors based on extensive research that may be used to make predictions about that behavior. Take, for instance, research on communication in heterosexual married couples. Based on over twenty years of research, psychologist John Gottman found in 1994 he could predict with 94% accuracy which marriages will fail based on patterns of only five negative disharmonize behaviors among couples who ended in divorce(for updates on his work visit his website (Research FAQs). (Of course exceptions exist to generalizations, but for a social scientist, the exception to the dominion may exist ignored every bit an insignificant outliers, a random error.

Instead of seeking out generalizations about communication, scholars in the humanities tend to focus on the outliers, or what are considered distinctive man creations, such as Abraham Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address," Elizabeth Cady Stanton's "Confinement of Self," Shakespeare'sRomeo and Juliet, Lorraine Hansberry'sRaisin in the Sun, Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, or Ani diFranco'due south "Dilate." Humanities scholars tend to focus on agreementhow something happened or how someone attempted to evoke meanings and aesthetic reactions in the receivers of a message, rather than describing what occurred and predicting what will occur.

As an case of how various methods take been used to enquiry a topic, consider how researchers who want to try to reduce intimate partner violence accept approached the problem drawing on methods from across fields of study.

Quantitative researchers administered the National Survey on Violence Against Women and found i.v million women are physically or sexually assaulted by their domestic partners annually in the U.S. (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000). The survey identified the difficult reality nigh the enormous extent of the problem. Qualitative researcher, Loren Olson (2010), wrote an autoethnography of her personal feel as a battered woman. By doing so she put a face up on the problem and demonstrated a way in which she was able to reconstruct her identity after the corruption.

Performance studies scholar Grand. Heather Carver and ethnographic folklorist Elaine Lawless (2009) conducted a qualitative study with women who are surviving intimate violence and generated a creative performance script from their observations. The theatrical performance adult with artistic methods literally help to requite vocalisation to the experiences of the women in the qualitative written report, raises awareness about the problem, and may motivate audience members to accost the problem in their personal or community lives.

Researchers also take critically analyzed the way domestic violence is communicated in various media. For example, Cathy Ferrand Bullock (2008) studied media framing in domestic violence news stories in Utah newspapers and rhetoric scholar Nathan Stormer (2003) studied the play,A Jury of Her Peers, to explore how commonage retentivity is formed about acts of domestic violence. These samples of enquiry into the complex social problem of domestic violence demonstrate how both humanities and social scientific discipline approaches to scholarship are needed and valued. Considering the social sciences and humanities provide different contributions to the construction of knowledge, together they create a fuller flick of a social problem or issue of study.

Given its multi-methodological research, Communication Studies is uniquely positioned to contribute to both of the two well-nigh prominent approaches to noesis construction: humanistic and social scientific approaches. This is why, as the authors of this book, we believe Communication Studies provides a well-rounded teaching to set students to respond to the challenges and opportunities of the culturally, technologically, and economically circuitous 21st century.

The Interdependence of Theory and Research Methods

Whether you lot approach a topic of study from a humanistic or social science perspective, you will necessarily piece of work with two-components: theory (explanations that guide or evolve from a written report) and methods (application of tools to analyze texts or data). Even though the ii serve singled-out enquiry functions, at that place is slap-up interdependence betwixt theory and method. Theory informs methods, and methods enable theory construction and revision.

At its essence, atheory is merely a person's attempt to explain or understand something. Individuals use theories to assist make sense of their earth and everyday lives. An academic theory is dissimilar from everyday theories simply in the caste of rigor and research used to develop it and the depth of explanation it provides. Bookish theories are more formal, with detailed explanations of the parts that make upward the theory, and are usually tested (Westward & Turner, 2010). But as with theories for everyday life, they are subject to change and refinement. DeFrancisco and Palczewski (2007) emphasize, "A theory is not an accented truth, only an statement to see, order, and explain the world in a particular fashion" (p. 27). For whatever topic of study, multiple theories could explain information technology, and research tin can exist used to determine which theory offers the all-time caption. Advice theories tend to focus on helping explain how and why people interact every bit they do in interpersonal relationships, small groups, organizations, cultures, nations, publics, and mediated contexts. Theories tin can help people understand their own and others' communication.

When you brand decisions in daily life, you probably apply an informal theory. You lot might collect some data (or try and recall what information you accept), y'all might discard data that comes from non-credible sources, then you might assess your options. You will likely make your assessment based on hunches or underlying assumptions you lot have about what makes sense. Those hunches or assumptions are a lay person'south theory. They assistance you brand sense of things and inform your decisions.

Activity Consider the post-obit questions to make up one's mind if you lot use theories in your daily life:

1. What is your communication for how to live on a college student'due south budget?
2. Do you remember advertizement influences your purchasing decisions? If so, how?
3. What is your approach to making a skilful first impression on a person to whom you are attracted?
4. How do you know someone is attracted to you?
5. Why do you lot think people tend to avoid relationships with others they perceive equally different from them?

If y'all accept ideas on the above topics, y'all are a theorist.

At present enquire yourself: what exercise your answers to the specific questions consist of?

• Are they attempts to explain a phenomenon?
• How did you lot form the explanations?
• Are they based on prior feel, advice from others, and/or breezy research?

Likely your answers are a petty of each.

A further question to ask yourself is:

• Are other explanations possible as well the ones you lot developed?

Students have adult more than one way to survive on a college pupil's budget. For ane thing, not all college students are living on a tight budget, many will survive through student loans and jobs, others may become allowances from their parents, have spouses or partners who are supporting them, etc. Some will delay gratification of purchases such as cars, I-Pads, smartphones, spring break trips, and more than. Others may argue, "You only live one time," and utilize credit cards to charge for their pleasures or life necessities. The indicate is people develop multiple theories for whatever topic of interest, and many are useful.

People develop theories through testing, bookish debates, and scholarly/creative work. Natural science and social science researchers, in detail, believe that the best research is directed or driven by bookish theory. This means the inquiry methods chosen are not random only are firmly based in a credible theoretical approach that has been tested over time.

Theories frequently guide inquiry. When studying presidential campaigns for example, scholars often apply Thomas Burke'due south theories on how speakers create identification to explore the ways in which candidates create connections with their audience (Burke, 2002).

Sometimes the research will extend or challenge the legitimacy of the theory. For example, intercultural communication scholar, William Gudykunst extended Berger and Calabrese's (1975) causeless universal Doubt Reduction Theory (URT) regarding what people do to reduce uncertainty anxiety when communicating with strangers. During 30 years of inquiry, Gudykunst tested URT in cross cultural interactions and developed a new intercultural theory, Feet/Incertitude Management (AUM) with 47 axioms or specific distinctions that help explicate the universal and cultural variances he found (2005). Contrary to the original URT, Gudykunst now proclaims cultures vary in terms of comfort with uncertainty and the methods they apply to manage it. These cultural differences contribute to unique cultural identities and help explain communication problems with other groups.

In the field of gender studies in communication there are endless examples of research that has disproven the commonly held theoretical assumption that universal gender differences be betwixt all women and men (e.thou. Tannen, 1990; or in the popular press:Men are from Mars and Women are from Venice (Grayness, 1992). In fact, communication scholars Kathryn Dindia and Dan Canary (2006) published a series of quantitativemeta-analyses (a statistical way to control for differences across studies to directly compare the results) on just nearly every presumed advice difference previous researchers take studied. What did they detect? While some differences were present, the variancesamongst women'southward behaviors and among men'due south behaviors were greater than thosebetween the sexes, and furthermore, women and men communicate in many more ways that are similar rather than different. Finally, they found that the assumption of two distinct sets of behavior is far likewise simplistic. It ignores the fact that people have the ability to arrange their behaviors according to situational needs and that gender identity does not affect ane'south beliefs alone. It is besides influenced by i's race, ethnic, age, nationality, sexual orientation and more.

A useful manner to think of the human relationship between theory and scholarly/artistic work is that information technology is synergistic – each influences the other, most simultaneously. As the illustration below shows, the theories selected direct the types ofresearch questions posed to guide a written report, the questions dictate the advisable inquiry methods needed, which then affect the results produced, which in turn contributes to theory building, thus the cycle repeats.

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The General Research Process:
Circular and Interdependent

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The diagram is circular rather than hierarchal because the starting betoken for dissimilar types of inquiry volition vary. For instance, qualitative piece of work begins with research questions with an cease goal of producing theory, whereas quantitative piece of work often begins with theory with an stop goal of producing results. Rhetorical research and creative scholarship do not typically use research questions but the inquiry process is withal synergistic, and decisions made at each part of the bicycle influences the others. The parts are interdependent. The round model besides reminds 1 that the process of theory construction, conducting research, and producing knowledge are never ending.

Knowledge generally refers to a command of facts, theory and applied information. There is not one agreed upon arroyo for constructing knowledge as is illustrated in the in a higher place discussion of diverse research methods. Indeed, there is an entire field of philosophy,epistemology, which focuses on debates about how knowledge is attained. Epistemologists ask "how does i know something?" Is noesis found or created? These are questions we encourage you to enquire as you acquire most the diverse research methods. The methods researchers use to construct knowledge are generally chosenmethodology. The term merely means an approach being used to course cognition is assumed to have both a theory and a method. Here again the interdependence between theory and method are evident.

Finally, throughout the enquiry process the ability to recall critically is essential. To be critical means to examine cloth in more than depth, to peel back layers of meaning, to wait beyond chunks of information to the context in which the data is presented, to look for multiple interpretations, to endeavor to identify why a piece of data or perspective is important and/or not of import. It requires doing a close reading or investigation of the topic of study in a more than nuanced, systematic way. It does non mean to always be negative, but rather to question even common assumptions.

Inquiry Methods Influence Results

The inquiry methods one chooses for a written report are critical. The methods will largely make up one's mind the results or what is called knowledge. The influence of methods choices is more than visible when comparing social science and humanities approaches to the structure of cognition, as will be discussed in affiliate 2. The two are designed to reply different types of research questions. Together, they volition offer you a wealth of methods choices.

For example, consider the relatively simple task of measuring the floor area of a room. We assigned minor groups of students to measure the square footage in a room. Each group was provided different measurement tools. One grouping used a tape measure 12 feet long, another used a record measure xl feet long, some other group used their own feet, and some other used a metric tape measure. As you can imagine, the groups' results differed every fourth dimension. Some used feet rather than inches to calculate square feet, some did not measure the same verbal places in the room, metric measurements produced dissimilar results than the U.Southward. measuring organisation, and human anxiety produced varying results. The signal here is not that one method was superior to another or that the groups made errors. The point is that even a slight modify in methods can produce significant changes in results (Turman, personal communication, January 27, 2010). (If you would like to meet more on metrics versus U.South. units conversion, meet for case, Metric to U.S. units conversion.

If various results tin be produced when measuring the floor area of a room, imagine how different inquiry methods may influence the written report of processes as complex as human being communication. Leslie Baxter has studied interpersonal relationship development and maintenance for about 20 years. Most of her early research was based on quantitative surveys of romantic partners in an endeavor to place the specific tensions or stresses in their human relationship. By using standardized surveys she was able to identify three dominant tensions most couples struggled with: connection/independence, openness/closedness, and predictability/spontaneity. From this she developed what is now a well known theory in the field, Dialectic Tensions Theory. Yet, more recently she revised her theory based on qualitative studies of relational partners' conversations. Baxter now argues that by examining tensions in actual discourse rather than surveys, she is not only able to identify common tensions, but move beyond identification to see why some relationships successfully negotiate the tensions and why others practice non (2011). We offering this example non to contend qualitative methods are superior to quantitative ones, but merely to brand the bespeak that the two serve unlike functions.

As you lot will acquire in the coming chapters, each method used to collect data carries with information technology a different implied theory about how noesis should be, or is formed. When researchers utilize surveys they value the ability to solicit a larger number of people and make generalizations from the responses. When researchers analyze conversations or use interviews, they value the ability to probe individual perspectives in more depth and are less concerned with generalizations. As teachers, scholars and practitioners, the authors of this book believe a command of enquiry methods is central to developing i's unique expertise.

Preview of Chapters

In this book, three full general inquiry approaches are included: quantitative social science research methods, qualitative social scientific discipline research methods, and critical rhetorical research methods. This does not mean these three are the only approaches to noesis construction used in the field of Communication Studies or that they are necessarily independent or contrary of each other. Communication Studies is a wonderfully various subject field. In addition to rhetorical methods, other humanities scholarship include performance studies and pic making. Considering of the extreme interdisciplinary nature of moving-picture show-making and functioning studies, no one enquiry method or chapter is defended to them. Instead we integrate examples throughout the collection, and readers should keep in mind how such piece of work pushes the boundaries of traditional academic fields. Below are summaries/previews of the remaining capacity in this book.

Chapter One Summary: In the nowadays chapter, we overviewed the interdisciplinary nature of the field of Communication Studies and demonstrated how this provides a broader choice of inquiry methods for students and faculty members in the field. We introduced basic concepts necessary to have a foundation for the study of research methods. Fifty-fifty though scholars employ diverse research methods in the field, they are built on mutual premises. One is that cognition is synthetic. The manner it is synthetic is influenced by the theoretical approaches used and the related enquiry methods chosen. Understanding these fundamental relationships will assistance students be more informed critical consumers and contributors to the field of Communication Studies, their chosen professions, and club.

Chapter 2: General Comparisons. In affiliate 2, we offer basic points of comparison for the research methods taught in this volume. This comparison should aid provide a structure to understand how the various methods are distinct from each other before you are introduced to the specifics of conducting research in each method in subsequent capacity. The comparison is based on the two full general orientations to knowledge structure introduced in chapter one: humanistic and social scientific.

Chapter Three: Ethical Research, Writing, and Creative Work. In this chapter, we hash out the importance of researcher ideals. This chapter is placed at the front of the book to stress this importance. Regardless of the method chosen, researchers accept upstanding choices to make in writing honestly, citing other sources, and treating human subjects fairly. Skilful research is, at its core, based on upstanding principles.

Affiliate Iv: Quantitative Methods. The first research approach presented is quantitative research methods from the social sciences. The rules involved in doing quantitative methods are very clear, with a linear research process. Reading this affiliate volition teach you how to programme and bear a quantitative study, and brand sense of your findings once you have collected your data.

Affiliate Five: Qualitative Methods. Qualitative enquiry methods can exist placed in the middle of a continuum of research methods from the scientific to the humanistic. Qualitative methods are ordinarily considered to be a social science approach, but in more recent years researchers accept been pushing these boundaries to embrace multiple ways of knowing.

Affiliate Six: Critical/Rhetorical Methods. The core supposition of rhetorical criticism is that symbolic action (the use of words, images, stories, and argument) are more than a means to transmit information, but actually construct social reality, or people's agreement of the earth. Learning methods of rhetorical criticism enable you lot to critique the use of symbolic action and sympathize how it constructs a particular understanding of the world past framing a concept in one way rather than another. The more skillful you become at analyzing others' letters, the more than skilled y'all get at constructing your own.

Chapter 7: Presenting Your Results. This chapter teaches yous how to present the results of your study, regardless of the choice made among the iii methods. Writing in academics has a basic course and style that you lot volition want to learn not only to report your own enquiry, but too to enhance your skills at reading original enquiry published in academic journals. Across the basic academic style of study writing, there are specific, often unwritten assumptions about how quantitative, qualitative, and rhetorical studies should be organized and the information they should contain. In this chapter students will learn most the functions of each part of a written report (e.one thousand. introduction, methods and data description, and critical conclusion) and discover useful criteria to help guide the writing of each part in a research report.

Approach to Writing this Resource Volume

When the faculty in the UNI Department of Communication Studies decided to make research methods a required course for all students majoring in the department (starting Fall, 2010), nosotros searched for a textbook that equitably covered methods used in the humanitiesand social sciences. Nosotros could not find one, so we decided to write our own. This resource volume is the product of a collaborative effort by faculty in the department. Although five of us wrote and organized the chapters, everyone in the department was invited to contribute ideas and examples.

The consequence is not a traditional textbook. For one thing, rather than ane voice, the authors promise yous will hear their distinct voices in each chapter influenced, in role, by the methods called and the values these methods reverberate. The differing styles should help prepare you for the differing writing styles y'all will detect when you read original research in journals that characteristic quantitative, qualitative, or critical/rhetorical studies. Consequently, the citation systems nosotros use to document sources differ across chapters. In chapters on social science enquiry (quantitative and qualitative research methods) we use the American Psychological Association (APA) (2010) mode, considering it is the format of choice for well-nigh journals publishing social scientific discipline research. In the capacity on ethics and rhetorical methods we employ the format prescribed by the Mod Language Association (MLA) (2009) considering rhetoric is rooted in the Humanities, and rhetorical research often is published in journals that too include scholarship from performance studies, English language literature and the fine arts. As 1 reads the coming capacity, it can be insightful to attempt to place how the methods and values are reflected in the writing styles.

Another stardom is that considering the text is digital, rather than paper, we are able to make the book more interactive, including additional websites and other resources to hopefully help brand the methods come alive. Peradventure most importantly for you every bit a student, using a digital delivery organization ways far less expense. The digital delivery organization also means nosotros accept the power to update material continuously.

Through this volume, we hope y'all will become excited past the possibilities of participating in the construction of knowledge in Communication Studies. We also hope to help demystify the research process and reveal underlying assumptions of each process. Contrary to what some public figures, educators and media sources would have the public believe, most knowledge is non absolute. Nosotros invite your critical voice to this learning process.

References

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Olson, L. N. (2010). The part of voice in the (re)structure of a battered woman's identity: An autoethnography of 1 woman'southward experiences of corruption. Women's Studies in Communication 27(1), i-33. DOI: x.1080/0749/409-2004.10162464

Stormer, N. (2003). To remember, to deed, to forget: Tracing commonage remembrance through "A Jury of Her Peers".Communication Studies, 54(4), 510-529.

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Source: https://researchmethods.uni.edu/chapter-1-introduction

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